Sau: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, thiab lwm yam.Tau qhov twg los: Agricultural Engineering Technology (greenhouse horticulture)

Lub tsev cog khoom ua ke ua ke niaj hnub kev lag luam, biotechnology, nutrient hydroponics thiab cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis los ua kom muaj kev tswj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm ib puag ncig hauv lub chaw.Nws yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj qhov yuav tsum tau tsawg ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, shortens lub caij cog qoob loo, txuag dej thiab chiv, thiab nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ntau lawm thiab tsis muaj pov tseg, lub tsev av siv efficiency yog 40 mus rau 108 lub sij hawm ntawm qhov ntawd. ntawm qhib teb ntau lawm.Ntawm lawv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntse ntse thiab nws cov kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig lub teeb ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv nws cov kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm.

Raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev ib puag ncig, lub teeb ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab cov khoom siv metabolism."Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom cog yog lub teeb pom kev zoo tag nrho thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev tswj hwm lub teeb pom kev zoo" tau dhau los ua kev pom zoo hauv kev lag luam.

Nroj tsuag xav tau lub teeb

Lub teeb yog tib lub zog ntawm cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis.Lub teeb siv zog, lub teeb zoo (spectrum) thiab lub sij hawm hloov ntawm lub teeb muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo, ntawm cov uas lub teeb siv tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis.

■ Lub teeb siv

Qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb tuaj yeem hloov pauv morphology ntawm cov qoob loo, xws li paj, ntev internode, qia thickness, thiab nplooj loj thiab tuab.Cov kev cai ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau lub teeb siv tau muab faib ua lub teeb-hlub, nruab nrab-lub teeb-hlub, thiab low-light-tolerant nroj tsuag.Cov zaub feem ntau yog cov nroj tsuag nyiam lub teeb, thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus them nyiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub teeb saturation yog qhov siab.Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, cov kev xav tau ntawm cov qoob loo rau kev siv lub teeb yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov teeb pom kev zoo.Kev nkag siab txog cov teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag sib txawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo, Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txhim kho cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv.

■ Lub teeb zoo

Lub teeb zoo (spectral) kev faib tawm kuj tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis thiab morphogenesis (Daim duab 1).Lub teeb yog ib feem ntawm hluav taws xob, thiab hluav taws xob yog hluav taws xob nthwv dej.Electromagnetic tsis muaj yoj yam ntxwv thiab quantum (particle) yam ntxwv.Lub quantum ntawm lub teeb yog hu ua photon nyob rau hauv horticulture teb.Radiation nrog lub wavelength ntau ntawm 300 ~ 800nm ​​yog hu ua physiologically nquag hluav taws xob ntawm cov nroj tsuag;thiab hluav taws xob nrog lub wavelength ntau ntawm 400 ~ 700nm yog hu ua photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Chlorophyll thiab carotene yog ob qho xim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis.Daim duab 2 qhia txog spectral absorption spectrum ntawm txhua cov xim photosynthetic, uas cov chlorophyll nqus spectrum yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cov xim liab thiab xiav.Lub teeb pom kev zoo yog ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov qoob loo rau cov khoom siv dag zog ntxiv, thiaj li txhawb cov photosynthesis ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

■ photoperiod
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm photosynthesis thiab photomorphogenesis ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab hnub ntev (los yog lub sij hawm photoperiod) yog hu ua photoperiodity ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Lub photoperiodity yog ze ze rau lub teeb teev, uas yog hais txog lub sij hawm cov qoob loo yog irradiated los ntawm lub teeb.Cov qoob loo sib txawv yuav tsum muaj pes tsawg teev ntawm lub teeb kom ua tiav lub photoperiod kom tawg thiab txi txiv.Raws li qhov sib txawv photoperiods, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov qoob loo ntev ntev, xws li zaub qhwv, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj 12-14h lub teeb teev ntawm qee theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob;luv-hnub cov qoob loo, xws li dos, taum pauv, thiab lwm yam, yuav tsum tau tsawg tshaj li 12-14h Illumination teev;Cov qoob loo nruab nrab hnub ci, xws li dib, txiv lws suav, kua txob, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem tawg thiab dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv qab hnub ci ntev dua lossis luv dua.
Ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib puag ncig, kev siv lub teeb yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo.Tam sim no, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los nthuav qhia lub teeb siv, feem ntau suav nrog peb cov hauv qab no.
(1) Kev ua kom pom tseeb yog hais txog saum npoo ntom nthe luminous flux (luminous flux (luminous flux (luminous flux (luminous flux (luminous flux (luminous flux) tau txais ntawm lub dav hlau illuminated, hauv Lux (LX).

(2) Photosynthetically nquag hluav taws xob, PAR, Chav tsev: W / m².

(3) Cov photosynthetically zoo photon flux ntom ntom PPFD los yog PPF yog tus naj npawb ntawm photosynthetically zoo hluav taws xob uas ncav los yog dhau los ntawm chav tsev lub sij hawm thiab chav tsev cheeb tsam, chav tsev: μmol / (m²·s). ncaj qha ntsig txog photosynthesis.Nws kuj yog qhov feem ntau siv teeb pom kev zoo hauv kev cog qoob loo.

Kev tsom xam lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo ntxiv
Artificial light supplement yog ua kom lub teeb siv nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj los yog txuas ntxiv lub teeb lub sij hawm los ntawm kev txhim kho ib tug ntxiv teeb system kom ua tau raws li lub teeb xav tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Feem ntau hais lus, lub teeb pom kev ntxiv muaj xws li cov khoom siv teeb pom kev ntxiv, circuits thiab nws cov kev tswj hwm.Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv feem ntau suav nrog ntau hom xws li cov teeb ci, cov teeb fluorescent, cov teeb hlau halide, cov teeb hluav taws xob siab sodium thiab LEDs.Vim qhov tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob thiab kho qhov muag ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob photosynthetic thiab lwm yam tsis zoo, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua lag luam, yog li tsab xov xwm no tsis ua kom muaj kev soj ntsuam ntxaws.

■ Lub teeb fluorescent
Fluorescent teeb muaj nyob rau hauv hom roj tso tawm cov roj teeb uas tsis tshua muaj siab.Lub iav raj yog ntim nrog mercury vapor lossis inert gas, thiab sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub raj yog coated nrog fluorescent hmoov.Lub teeb xim txawv nrog cov khoom siv fluorescent coated hauv lub raj.Fluorescent teeb muaj kev ua tau zoo spectral, siab luminous efficiency, tsis tshua muaj zog, lub neej ntev (12000h) piv nrog incandescent teeb, thiab tus nqi qis.Vim tias lub teeb fluorescent nws tus kheej tawm cua sov tsawg, nws tuaj yeem nyob ze rau cov nroj tsuag kom pom kev zoo thiab tsim nyog rau kev cog qoob loo peb sab.Txawm li cas los xij, spectral layout ntawm lub teeb fluorescent yog tsis tsim nyog.Txoj hauv kev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog ntxiv cov reflectors kom ua kom lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm cov qoob loo hauv thaj chaw cog qoob loo.Lub tuam txhab Japanese adv-agri kuj tau tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv HEFL.HEFL tiag tiag belongs rau qeb ntawm cov teeb fluorescent.Nws yog lub ntsiab lus dav dav rau lub teeb txias cathode fluorescent teeb (CCFL) thiab sab nraud electrode fluorescent teeb (EEFL), thiab yog ib qho sib xyaw electrode fluorescent teeb.HEFL raj yog nyias nyias, nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm tsuas yog 4 hli, thiab qhov ntev tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm 450mm mus rau 1200mm raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev cog qoob loo.Nws yog ib qho kev txhim kho ntawm cov pa roj fluorescent.

■ Hlau halide teeb
Lub teeb hlau halide yog lub teeb hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob uas muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog sib txawv los tsim cov wavelengths sib txawv los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau yam hlau halides (tin bromide, sodium iodide, thiab lwm yam) hauv cov raj xa tawm los ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob mercury.Halogen teeb muaj kev ua haujlwm siab luminous, siab zog, zoo lub teeb xim, lub neej ntev, thiab loj spectrum.Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias qhov kev ua haujlwm luminous qis dua li cov teeb hluav taws xob siab siab sodium, thiab lub neej luv luv dua li cov teeb hluav taws xob siab sodium, tam sim no tsuas yog siv hauv ob peb lub tsev cog khoom.

■ Siab siab sodium teeb
High-pressure sodium teeb muaj nyob rau hauv hom high-pressure gas paug teeb.Lub teeb hluav taws xob high-pressure sodium yog lub teeb ua haujlwm siab uas muaj cov khoom siv high-pressure sodium vapor ntim rau hauv lub raj xa tawm, thiab ntxiv me me ntawm xenon (Xe) thiab mercury hlau halide ntxiv.Vim hais tias lub siab siab sodium teeb muaj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob zoo hluav taws xob nrog cov nqi tsim khoom qis dua, cov teeb pom kev siab sodium tam sim no yog siv dav tshaj plaws hauv kev siv lub teeb ntxiv hauv cov chaw ua liaj ua teb.Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov photosynthetic tsis zoo hauv lawv cov spectrum, lawv muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg.Ntawm qhov tod tes, spectral Cheebtsam emissions los ntawm high-pressure sodium teeb yog mas concentrated nyob rau hauv lub daj-txiv kab ntxwv lub teeb band, uas tsis muaj cov liab thiab xiav spectra tsim nyog rau cov nroj tsuag loj hlob.

■ Lub teeb emitting diode
Raws li lub cim tshiab ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, lub teeb-emitting diodes (LEDs) muaj ntau yam zoo xws li kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob ntau dua, kho tau spectrum, thiab siab photosynthetic efficiency.LED tuaj yeem tso tawm lub teeb monochromatic xav tau rau kev cog qoob loo.Piv nrog rau cov teeb fluorescent zoo tib yam thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntxiv, LED muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, lub neej ntev, lub teeb monochromatic, lub teeb txias thiab lwm yam.Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm electro-optical efficiency ntawm LEDs thiab txo cov nqi uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov nyhuv nplai, LED loj hlob teeb pom kev zoo yuav dhau los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb nqa lub teeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.Raws li qhov tshwm sim, LED loj hlob teeb tau siv ntau dua 99.9% cov chaw cog khoom.

Los ntawm kev sib piv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov teeb pom kev sib txawv tuaj yeem nkag siab meej, raws li qhia hauv Table 1.

Mobile teeb pom kev zoo
Qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb yog ze ze rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo.Kev cog qoob loo peb-dimensional feem ntau yog siv hauv cov chaw cog qoob loo.Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov kev txwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov racks cog qoob loo, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub teeb thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov racks yuav cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo thiab lub sij hawm sau qoob loo yuav tsis synchronized.Ib lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Beijing tau ua tiav ib phau ntawv nqa lub teeb ntxiv khoom siv (HPS teeb pom kev zoo fixture thiab LED loj hlob teeb pom kev zoo fixture) nyob rau hauv 2010. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tig lub tsav ncej thiab lub winder tsau rau nws los ntawm co co tuav los tig lub me me zaj duab xis reel. kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm retracting thiab unwinding cov hlua hlau.Cov hlua hlua ntawm lub teeb loj hlob yog txuas nrog lub log winding ntawm of the elevator los ntawm ntau lub log rov qab, thiaj li ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho qhov siab ntawm lub teeb loj hlob.Hauv xyoo 2017, lub tuam txhab tau hais los saum toj no tau tsim thiab tsim cov khoom siv tshiab lub teeb txawb ntxiv, uas tuaj yeem hloov kho lub teeb ntxiv qhov siab nyob rau lub sijhawm tiag tiag raws li kev xav tau ntawm cov qoob loo.Cov cuab yeej hloov kho tam sim no tau teeb tsa rau ntawm 3-txheej teeb qhov chaw nqa hom peb-dimensional cultivation khib.Cov txheej txheem saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov cuab yeej yog qib nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws, yog li nws tau nruab nrog lub teeb hluav taws xob siab sodium;nruab nrab txheej thiab hauv qab txheej yog nruab nrog LED loj hlob teeb thiab nqa kev hloov kho.Nws tuaj yeem kho qhov siab ntawm qhov loj hlob lub teeb kom muab qhov chaw teeb pom kev zoo rau cov qoob loo.

Piv nrog rau cov khoom siv txawb lub teeb ntxiv rau kev cog qoob loo peb-dimensional, lub Netherlands tau tsim cov kab rov tav txav LED loj hlob lub teeb ntxiv lub teeb.Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov teeb pom kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv lub hnub, lub teeb pom kev loj hlob tuaj yeem raug thawb mus rau ob sab ntawm lub bracket los ntawm telescopic swb nyob rau hauv txoj kab rov tav, kom lub hnub yog tag nrho. irradiated ntawm cov nroj tsuag;nyob rau hnub huab thiab nag tsis muaj hnub ci, thawb lub teeb pom kev loj hlob mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub bracket kom lub teeb pom kev loj hlob ntawm lub teeb pom kev sib npaug ntawm cov nroj tsuag;txav lub teeb pom kev loj hlob horizontally los ntawm cov swb ntawm lub bracket, tsis txhob nquag disassembly thiab tshem tawm ntawm lub teeb pom kev loj hlob, thiab txo cov kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, yog li txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Tsim cov tswv yim ntawm kev loj hlob teeb pom kev zoo
Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj kom pom los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv txawb teeb pom kev zoo ntxiv uas tsim cov teeb pom kev ntxiv ntawm lub Hoobkas cog feem ntau siv lub teeb siv, lub teeb zoo thiab photoperiod tsis sib txawv ntawm cov qoob loo loj hlob raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim. , tso siab rau kev tswj hwm kev txawj ntse los siv, ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab.

Tam sim no, kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho lub teeb ntxiv rau cov nplooj zaub tau maj mam matured.Piv txwv li, nplooj nplooj tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub theem: yub theem, nruab nrab-loj hlob, lig-loj hlob, thiab theem kawg;txiv hmab txiv ntoo-zaub zaub yuav muab faib mus rau hauv seedling theem, vegetative loj hlob theem, flowering theem, thiab harvesting theem.Los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv lub teeb ntxiv, lub teeb ci hauv cov yub theem yuav tsum qis me ntsis, ntawm 60 ~ 200 μmol / (m²·s), thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam nce.Cov nplooj ntoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag 100 ~ 200 μmol / (m²·s), thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag 300 ~ 500 μmol / (m²·s) kom ntseeg tau tias lub teeb siv ntawm cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis nyob rau hauv txhua lub sij hawm loj hlob thiab ua kom tiav cov kev xav tau ntawm siab tawm los;Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub teeb zoo, qhov piv ntawm liab mus xiav yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev.Txhawm rau ua kom cov qoob loo zoo thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntau dhau ntawm cov yub theem, qhov piv ntawm liab mus rau xiav feem ntau yog teem rau theem qis [(1 ~ 2): 1], thiab maj mam txo kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag. lub teeb morphology.Qhov piv ntawm liab mus xiav rau nplooj zaub tuaj yeem teem rau (3 ~ 6): 1.Rau lub photoperiod, zoo ib yam li lub teeb siv, nws yuav tsum qhia ib tug qauv ntawm nce nrog rau ncua sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob, yog li ntawd nplooj zaub muaj ntau photosynthetic sij hawm rau photosynthesis.Lub teeb ntxiv tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub yuav nyuaj dua.Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev cai lij choj uas tau hais los saum toj no, peb yuav tsum tsom mus rau qhov chaw ntawm photoperiod thaum lub sij hawm flowering lub sij hawm, thiab flowering thiab fruiting ntawm zaub yuav tsum tau nce, thiaj li tsis mus rau backfire.

Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias lub teeb pom kev zoo yuav tsum suav nrog qhov kawg kev kho mob rau lub teeb ib puag ncig.Piv txwv li, kev siv lub teeb txuas ntxiv tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm hydroponic nplooj zaub seedlings, los yog siv UV kho kom txhim kho sprouts thiab nplooj zaub (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntshav nplooj thiab liab nplooj lettuce) khoom noj khoom haus zoo.

Ntxiv rau qhov ua kom zoo dua lub teeb ntxiv rau cov qoob loo xaiv, lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm qee lub teeb pom kev cog qoob loo kuj tau tsim sai heev nyob rau xyoo tas los no.Qhov kev tswj hwm no feem ntau yog ua raws li B / S qauv.Kev tswj chaw taws teeb thiab tsis siv neeg tswj ntawm ib puag ncig yam xws li kub, av noo, lub teeb, thiab CO2 concentration thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo yog paub los ntawm WIFI, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug ntau lawm txoj kev uas tsis txwv los ntawm lwm yam kev mob yog pom tau hais tias.Hom kev txawj ntse ntxiv teeb pom kev zoo no siv LED loj hlob lub teeb fixture ua lub teeb ci ntxiv, ua ke nrog cov chaw taws teeb ntse tswj qhov system, tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag wavelength illumination, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau lub teeb-tswj cog cog ib puag ncig, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam. .

Cov lus xaus
Cov chaw cog qoob loo tau suav tias yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los daws cov peev txheej hauv ntiaj teb, cov pej xeem thiab cov teeb meem ib puag ncig hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov zaub mov noj tus kheej txaus rau yav tom ntej high-tech tej yaam num.Raws li hom kev ua liaj ua teb tshiab, cov chaw cog qoob loo tseem nyob rau theem kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob, thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.Kab lus no piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem teeb pom kev zoo ntxiv hauv cov chaw cog khoom, thiab qhia txog cov tswv yim tsim ntawm cov qoob loo ntxiv teeb pom kev zoo.Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau kev nrhiav pom los ntawm kev sib piv, txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub teeb qis los ntawm huab cua hnyav xws li huab cua tsis tu ncua thiab kub hnyiab thiab kom ntseeg tau tias cov qoob loo siab thiab ruaj khov, LED Loj hlob cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev txhim kho tam sim no. tiam.

Kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom cog yuav tsum tsom mus rau cov tshiab high-precision, tsis tshua muaj nqi sensors, remotely controllable, adjustable spectrum lighting device systems thiab kws txawj tswj systems.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov chaw cog qoob loo yav tom ntej yuav txuas ntxiv txhim kho rau tus nqi qis, kev txawj ntse, thiab kev hloov kho tus kheej.Kev siv thiab nrov ntawm LED loj hlob lub teeb qhov chaw muab kev lav phib xaub rau kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Kev tswj hwm lub teeb ib puag ncig LED yog txheej txheem nyuaj uas muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm lub teeb zoo, lub teeb ci, thiab lub sijhawm photoperiod.Cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntsig txog yuav tsum tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob, txhawb nqa LED ntxiv teeb pom kev zoo hauv cov chaw tsim khoom tsim teeb pom kev zoo.